FAMOUS PEOPLE OF WORLD HISTORY:

 

"the indispensible figures without whom the

 world would be significantly different."

 

Yellow: Early Mesopotamia and Egypt

Orange: Age of Empires

Pink: Classical Greece, Hellenistic

Red: Classical Rome, Byzantine

Green: The Orient: China, India, Japan and Islam

Aquamarine: Medieval

Blue: Renaissance,  Early Exploration 1500's

Purple: Absolutist, Elizabethan, Baroque, Science 1600's

White: Enlightenment, Classical and Revolution 1700's

Yellow: The early 19th Century, Romantic, Industrial 1800's

Orange: The Later 19th Century, late Romantic, 1800's

Pink: The WWII Era 1900's, modern (music)

Red: The Interwar and WWII Era

Green: Famous in 50's and 60's

Aquamarine: Famous in 70's and 80's

Blue: Famous in 90's and Today

Purple: Famous in the Future

 

MENES

3130-3080

GILGAMESH

2810-2740

DJOSER

2685-2640

IMHOTEP

2680-2630

SNEFERU

2640-2580

KHUFU

2610-2560

KHAFRE

2580-2520

LUGALZAGGISI

2400-2350

SARGON

2400-2340

GUDEA

2160-2122

HAMMURABI

1830-1770

ABRAHAM

1750-1575

ISAAC

1650-1480

HATTUSILIS

1630-1580

HATSEPSHUT

1540-1481

JACOB

1520-1420

THUTMOSE III

1505-1450

JOSEPH

1490-1380

AMENHOTEP III

1430-1379

PENTHEUS

1420-1380

AKENATON

1410-1360

TUTANKHAMAN

1372-1352

PERSEUS

1370-1320

SETI

1350-1295

MINOS

1340-1290

RAMSES II

1315-1235

MOSES

1310-1220

AEGEAUS

1310-1255

DAEDELEUS

1305-1240

HERCULES

1305-1210

JOSHUA

1285-1200

MINOS II

1280-1230

THESEUS

1260-1210

MENALAUS

1255-1180

AGAMEMNON

1235-1175

ACHILLES

1230-1183

HELEN

1220-1170

RAMSES III

1220-1165

ODYSSEUS

1210-1150

SAMSON

1100-1050

SAUL

1060-1020

GOLIATH

1045-1018

DAVID

1035-962

SOLOMON

1010-930

HIRAM

1005-945

SHEBA

1000-940

SHISHAK

965-924

SHALMANESER III

878-824

ELIJAH

860-820

HOMER

800-700

ROMULUS AND REMUS

783-743

TIGLATH-PILESAR III

770-720

SARGON II

745-705

SENNACHERIB

731-681

LYCERGUS

700-630

JEREMIAH

680-630

DRACO

675-610

ASHURBANIPAL

668-627

JOSIAH

660-609

NECHO II

640-595

NEBUCHADNEZZAR

630-562

CROESUS

626-546

SOLON

625-575

THALES

620-555

ANAXAMANDER

611-547

SAPPHO

610-580

PISISTRATUS

600-527

CYRUS

585-529

DANIEL

580-520

LAO TZU

575-525

CLESTHENES

575-525

ZARATHUSTRA

575-530

AESOP

572-522

BUDDHA

563-483

PYTHAGORUS

560-510

CONFUCIUS

551-479

TARQUINUS SUPERBUS

550-500

DARIUS

548-486

LUCIOUS BRUTUS

540-480

LEONIDAS

525-480

AESCHYLUS

525-456

THEMISTICLES

523-458

XERXES

519-465

CINCINNATUS

519-448

PINDAR

518-438

HERICLITUS

510-460

SUN TZU

500-430

EZRA

496-438

SOPHOCLES

496-406

PERICLES

495-429

PHIDIAS

490-434

MO TZU

490-403

HERODOTUS

485-425

MYRON

480-440

EURIPIDES

480-406

APOLLODORUS

475-425

SOCRATES

469-399

THUCIDIDES

460-400

HIPPOCRATES

460-377

DEMOCRITUS

460-370

ARISTOPHANES

448-388

ISOCRATES

436-338

XENOPHON

435-354

PLATO

427-377

EPIMINONDAS

418-362

DIOGENES

410-320

ARISTOTLE

384-322

DEMOTHENES

383-322

PHILIP OF MACEDON

382-336

ANTIGONUS

382-301

PRAXITELES

375-325

MENCIUS

371-289

DARIUS III

370-330

PTOLEMY I

366-283

SELEUCUS I

358-281

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

356-323

EPICURUS

341-270

ZENO

336-265

EUCLID

320-260

PYRRHUS

318-272

ARISTARCHUS

310-230

ARCHIMEDES

287-212

ASOKA

284-238

ERATOSTHENES

276-194

APPOLONIUS

275-225

QUINTUS FLAVIUS MAXIMUS

260-203

QUIN SHI HUANG DI

259-210

HANNIBAL

247-182

ANTIOCHUS III

242-187

SCIPIO AFRICANUS

236-183

CATO

234-149

ANTIOCHUS IV EPHANES

215-163

JUDAS MACCABEUS

197-155

SCIPIO AEMILIANUS

185-129

HIPPARCHUS OF NICAEA

180-125

TIBERIUS GRACCHUS

168-133

MARIUS

157-86

WUDI

141-86

LUCIUS CRASSUS

140-91

SULLA

138-78

MITHRIATES

135-63

MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS

115-53

SPARTACUS

110-71

GAIUS POMPEY

106-48

JULIUS CAESAR

101-44

LUCRETIUS

94-55

VERCINGETORIX

90-46

MARCUS BRUTUS

85-42

MARC ANTONY

83-30

HEROD

73-4

VIRGIL

70-19

CLEOPATRA

69-30

HORACE

65-8

MARCUS AGRIPPA

63-12

AUGUSTUS CAESAR

63-14 AD

LIVY

59-17 AD

OVID

43-17 AD

TIBERIUS

42-37 AD

PHILO

20-40 AD

MARY

20-63 AD

JOHN THE BAPTIST

5-33 AD

SENECA

5-65 AD

JESUS CHRIST

4-30 AD

*Before Christ / Anno Domini*

 ********

ST. PETER

5-64

ST. PAUL

5-67

VESPASIAN

9-79

CLAUDIUS

10-54

CALIGULA

12-41

NERVA

32-98

NERO

37-68

JOSEPHUS

37-100

TITUS

39-81

PLUTARCH

46-120

AKIBA BEN JOSEPH

50-135

TRAJAN

53-117

TACITUS

55-120

JUVENAL

55-130

SIMON BAR KOKHBA

65-135

HADRIAN

76-138

PTOLEMY

80-145

ANTONINUS PIUS

86-161

MARCUS AURELIUS

121-180

GALEN

130-201

SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

146-211

COMMODUS

161-192

ST. VALENTINE

239-269

DIOCLETIAN

245-316

ARIUS

250-336

CONSTANTINE

274-337

ST. BASIL

329-379

ST. AMBROSE

339-397

THEODOSIUS I

346-395

ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM

347-407

ST. AUGUSTINE

354-430

ALARIC

370-410

ST. PATRICK

385-461

ST. SIMEON STYLITES

387-459

POPE LEO I

390-461

ATILLA

406-453

ODOACER

440-493

ROMULUS

456-486

CLOVIS I  MEROVINGIAN

465-511

THEODORIC

471-526

KING ARTHUR

480-537

ST. BENEDICT

480-547

JUSTINIAN

482-565

THEODORA

500-547

BELISARIUS

505-565

GREGORY OF TOURS

538-594

POPE GREGORY I

540-604

MOHAMMAD

570-632

ABU BAKR

573-634

SHOTOKU TAISHI

574-622

HERACLIUS

575-641

OMAR

581-644

CHROESOS II

590-638

UTHMAN

600-656

ALI

600-661

ST. JOHN OF DAMASCUS

645-749

THE VENERABLE BEDE

673-735

LEO III THE ISAURIAN

680-741

ST. BONIFACE

680-754

CHARLES MARTEL

688-741

LI BAI

701-761

DU FU

712-770

POPE STEPHEN II

713-757

PEPIN III CAROLINGIAN

714-768

CHARLEMAGNE

742-814

POPE LEO III

750-816

HARUN AL RASHID

766-809

AL KWARIZMI

780-830

RURIK THE VARANGIAN

820-880

ST. CYRIL & METHODIUS

827-869

ARPAD

840-907

KING ALFRED THE GREAT

849-899

OLGA

890-969

ST. VACLAV

903-935

EMP. OTTO I

912-973

ERIK THE RED

925-975

MIESZKO I

930-992

VLADIMIR I

956-1015

BASIL II THE BULGARSLAYER

958-1025

ST. WOJCIECH

960-997

BOLESLAW THE BRAVE

967-1025

YAROSLAV THE WISE

974-1054

LEIF ERIKSSON

975-1025

ST. ISTVAN

975-1038

MURASAKI SHIKIBU

978-1031

CANUTE THE GREAT

995-1035

EMP. HEINRICH III

1017-1056

POPE GREGORY VII

1020-1185

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR

1027-1087

POPE URBAN II

1042-1099

EMP. HEINRICH IV

1050-1106

PIERRE ABELARD

1079-1142

ST. BERNARD

1090-1153

YURI DOLGORUKY

1091-1157

ABBOT SUGER

1112-1151

THOMAS BECKET

1118-1170

ELEANOR OF AQUATINE

1122-1204

EMP. FRIEDRICH I BARBAROSSA

1125-1190

KING HENRY II

1133-1189

MOSES MAIMONIDES

1135-1204

KING RICHARD I LIONHEART

1157-1199

POPE INNOCENT III

1160-1216

ROI PHILIP II AUGUSTUS

1165-1223

KING JOHN

1167-1216

GENGIS KHAN

1167-1227

ST. DOMINIC

1170-1221

ST. FRANCIS

1180-1226

FRIEDRICH II HOHENSTAUFEN

1194-1250

BATU KHAN

1205-1255

KUBLAI KHAN

1214-1294

ALEXANDER NEVSKY

1220-1263

ROGER BACON

1220-1292

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

1225-1274

KING EDWARD I

1229-1307

MARCO POLO

1254-1324

DANTE ALIGHERI

1265-1321

GIOTTO

1265-1337

ROI PHILIP IV THE FAIR

1268-1314

WILLIAM WALLACE

1270-1305

GRAND PRINCE IVAN I KALITA

1304-1340

FRANCESCO PETRARCH

1304-1374

KAZIMEIRZ THE GREAT

1310-1370

GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO

1313-1375

KING EDWARD III

1312-1377

JOHN WYCLIFFE

1329-1384

JEAN FROISSART

1333-1404

TAMERLANE

1336-1405

GEOFFERY CHAUCER

1343-1400

WLADYSLAW JAGIELLO

1350-1434

JEAN AND PAUL LIMBOURG

1370-1416

JAN HUS

1369-1413

ZHENG HE

1371-1433

PHILIPPO BRUNELLESCO

1377-1446

LORENZO GHIBERTI

1378-1455

DONATELLO

1386-1466

KING HENRY V

1387-1422

FRA ANGELICO

1387-1455

JAN VAN EYCK

1389-1441

COSIMO DE MEDICI

1389-1464

PRINCE HENRI THE NAVIGATOR

1394-1460

JOHANNES GUTENBERG

1400-1468

MASACCIO

1401-1428

ROI CHARLES VII THE DAUPHIN

1403-1461

LEON ALBERTI

1404-1472

POPE PIUS II

1405-1464

JEANNE D' ARC

1412-1431

MWENE MUTAPA

1420-1470

PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA

1420-1492

DUKE FEDRIGO MONTEFELTRO

1422-1482

PACHACUTI

1423-1471

JEAN D' OCKEGHEM

1430-1495

POPE ALEXANDER VI

1431-1503

MANTEGNA

1431-1506

MEHMET II THE CONQUERER

1432-1481

POPE JULIUS II

1443-1513

CZAR IVAN III THE GREAT

1440-1505

DONATO BRAMANTE

1444-1514

SANDRO BOTTICELLI

1445-1510

LORENZO DE MEDICI

1449-1492

ISABELLA I THE CATHOLIC

1451-1504

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

1451-1506

FERDINAND OF ARAGON

1452-1516

RICHARD III GLOUCESTER

1452-1485

LEONARDO DI VINCI

1452-1519

AMERIGO VESPUCCI

1454-1512

HENRY VII TUDOR

1457-1509

JUAN PONCE DE LEON

1460-1521

TILMAN RIEMENSCHNEIDER

1460-1531

MONTEZUMA

1466-1520

DESIDERIUS ERASMUS

1466-1536

POPE PAUL III

1468-1549

VASCO DA GAMA

1469-1525

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

1469-1527

ALBRECHT DURER

1471-1528

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS

1473-1543

ISABELLA D'ESTE GONZAGA

1474-1539

POPE LEO X

1475-1521

MICHELANGELO

1475-1564

GIORGIONE

1478-1511

BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE

1478-1529

ST. THOMAS MORE

1478-1535

FERDINAND MAGELLAN

1480-1521

RAPHAEL

1483-1520

BABUR THE MUGHAL

1483-1530

MARTIN LUTHER

1483-1546

HERNANDO CORTEZ

1485-1527

ISMAIL SAFAVID

1486-1524

TITIAN

1490-1576

KING HENRY VIII

1491-1547

ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA

1491-1556

CORREGGIO

1494-1534

FRANCOIS RABELAIS

1494-1553

SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT

1494-1566

HANS HOLBEIN

1497-1543

EMP. CHARLES V

1500-1558

THOMAS TALLIS

1505-1585

ANNE BOLEYN

1507-1536

JOHN CALVIN

1509-1564

JOHN KNOX

1513-1572

TINTORETTO

1518-1595

POPE SIXTUS V

1520-1590

PIETER BRUEGEL

1520-1569

GIOVANNI DA PALESTRINA

1525-1594

PHILIP II

1527-1598

PAOLO VERONESE

1528-1588

CZAR IVAN IV THE TERRIBLE

1530-1584

MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE

1533-1592

JEAN BODIN

1530-1596

WILLIAM I OF ORANGE

1533-1584

QUEEN ELIZABETH I

1533-1609

JAN KOCHANOWSKI

1539-1584

EL GRECO

1541-1614

MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS

1542-1587

AKBAR

1542-1605

WILLIAM BYRD

1542-1623

TYCHO BRAHE

1546-1601

MIGUEL CERVANTES

1547-1616

EDMUND SPENSER

1552-1599

ROI HENRI IV BOURBON

1553-1610

FRANCIS BACON

1561-1626

SIR WALTER RALEIGH

1552-1618

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

1564-1616

GALILEO GALILEI

1564-1642

KING JAMES I STUART

1566-1625

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN

1557-1635

CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI

1567-1643

JOHANNES KEPLER

1571-1630

PETER PAUL RUBENS

1577-1640

WILLIAM HARVEY

1578-1657

FRANS HALS

1581-1666

CARDINAL RICHELIEU

1585-1642

THOMAS HOBBES

1588-1679

SHAH JAHAN

1592-1666

GUSTAV ADOLF

1594-1632

CZAR MIKHAIL ROMANOV

1596-1645

RENE DECARTES

1596-1650

OLIVER CROMWELL

1599-1658

DIEGO VELASQUEZ

1599-1660

KING CHARLES I

1600-1649

ROGER WILLIAMS

1604-1683

REMBRANDT

1606-1699

JOHN MILTON

1608-1674

JEAN DE LA FONTAINE

1621-1695

JEAN BAPTISTE MOLIERE

1622-1678

BLAISE PASCAL

1623-1662

GIOVANNI CASSINI

1625-1712

ROBERT BOYLE

1627-1691

JOHN BUNYAN

1628-1688

CHRISTAAN HUYGENS

1629-1695

JAN III SOBIESKI

1629-1696

JAN VERMEER

1632-1675

BARCH SPINOZA

1632-1677

JOHN LOCKE

1632-1704

SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN

1632-1723

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1632-1723

KING JAMES II

1633-1701

ROBERT HOOKE

1635-1703

ROI LOUIS XIV

1638-1715

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

1642-1727

GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ

1643-1716

GRAND VIZIER KARA MUSTAFA

1648-1683

KING WILLIAM III OF ORANGE

1650-1702

JOHANN PACHELBEL

1653-1706

KANGXI

1654-1722

EDMOND HALLEY

1656-1742

HENRY PURCELL

1658-1695

DANIEL DEFOE

1660-1731

QUEEN ANNE

1665-1714

BERNARD BOVIER FONTENELLE

1657-1757

SIR JOHN VANBRUGH

1664-1726

FRANCOIS COUPERIN

1668-1733

HENRY PURCELL

1658-1695

JONATHAN SWIFT

1677-1745

ANTONIO VIVALDI

1678-1741

ANTOINE WATTEAU

1684-1721

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH

1685-1750

GEORGE FRIEDRICH HANDEL

1685-1759

BARON DE MONTESQUIEU

1689-1755

RICHARD LORD BURLINGTON

1694-1753

VOLTAIRE

1694-1778

WILLIAM HOGARTH

1697-1764

CUVILLES

1698-1797

JEAN BAPTISTE CHARDIN

1699-1779

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

1706-1790

HENRY FIELDING

1707-1754

LINNEAUS

1707-1778

DAVID HUME

1711-1776

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU

1712-1778

EMP. FRIEDRICH THE GREAT

1712-1786

DENIS DIDEROT

1713-1784

EMPRESS MARIA THRESEA

1717-1780

D'ALEMBERT

1717-1783

ADAM SMITH

1723-1790

SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE

1723-1780

IMMANUEL KANT

1724-1804

 ROBERT CLIVE

1725-1764

CAPTAIN JAMES COOK

1728-1779

CZARINA CATHERINE THE GREAT

1729-1796

EDMUND BURKE

1729-1797

HENRY CAVENDISH

1731-1810

SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT

1732-1792

STANISLAW A. PONIATOWSKI

1732-1798

GEORGE WASHINGTON

1732-1799

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN

1732-1809

JOHN ADAMS

1735-1826

PATRICK HENRY

1736-1799

JAMES WATT

1736-1819

EDWARD GIBBON

1737-1794

THOMAS PAINE

1737-1809

CAESARE BACCARIA

1738-1794

CHARLES CORNWALLIS

1738-1805

KING GEORGE III

1738-1820

SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL

1401-1428

JAMES BOSWELL

1740-1795

EMP. JOSEF II

1741-1790

JEAN ANTOINE HOUDON

1741-1826

ANTOINE LAVOISIER

1743-1794

SIR JOSEPH BANKS

1743-1820

ALEXANDER CARTWRIGHT

1743-1823

THOMAS JEFFERSON

1743-1826

JEAN PAUL MARAT

1743-1793

VOLTA

1745-1827

TADEUSZ KOSCIUSZKO

1746-1817

TOUSSIANT L'OVERTURE

1746-1823

FRANCISCO DE GOYA

1746-1828

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID

1748-1825

JEREMY BENTHAM

1748-1832

EDWARD JENNER

1749-1823

LAPLACE

1749-1827

JOHANN VON GOETHE

1749-1832

JAMES MADISON

1751-1836

ROI LOUIS XVI

1754-1793

WILLIAM BLIGH

1754-1817

CHARLES TALLEYRAND

1754-1838

MARIE ANTOINETTE

1755-1793

ROI LOUIS XVIII

1755-1824

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

1756-1791

ALEXANDER HAMILTON

1757-1804

WILLIAM BLAKE

1757-1827

MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE

1758-1794

ADMIRAL HORATIO NELSON

1758-1805

GEORGES DANTON

1759-1794

ROBERT BURNS

1759-1796

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT

1759-1797

WILLIAM WILBERFORCE

1759-1833

 JOHN JACOB ASTOR

1763-1848

ROBERT FULTON

1765-1815

ELI WHITNEY

1765-1825

THOMAS MALTHUS

1766-1834

GIRODET

1767-1784

ANDREW JACKSON

1767-1845

TECUMSEH

1768-1813

NAPOLEON

1769-1821

GEORGES CUVIER

1769-1832

ARTHUR WELLINGTON

1769-1852

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN

1770-1827

HEGEL

1770-1831

EMP. FRIEDRICH WILHELM III

1770-1840

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH

1770-1850

SIR WALTER SCOTT

1771-1832

DAVID RICHARDO

1772-1823

SAMUEL COLERIDGE

1772-1834

CHARLES FOURIER

1772-1837

KLEMENS VON METTERNICH

1773-1859

CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH

1774-1840

JANE AUSTIN

1775-1817

TURNER

1775-1851

CONSTABLE

1776-1937

CZAR ALEKSANDR I

1777-1845

ROI LOUIS NAPOLEON

1778-1846

JOSE DE SAN MARTIN

1778-1850

KARL MARIA VON CLAUSWITZ

1780-1831

GEORGE STEVENSEN

1781-1848

SIMON BOLIVAR

1783-1830

STENDHAL

1783-1842

WASHINGTON IRVING

1783-1859

OLIVER HAZARD PERRY

1785-1819

ERIC MARIA VON WEBER

1786-1826

LORD BYRON

1788-1824

SHAKA ZULU

1788-1828

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER

1789-1851

THEODORE GERICAULT

1791-1824

FARADAY

1791-1867

NICCOLO PAGANINI

1792-1840

GIOACHIANO ROSSINI

1792-1868

POPE PIUS IX

1792-1878

CZAR NIKOLAI I

1796-1855

THOMAS BULFINCH

1796-1867

FRANZ SCHUBERT

1797-1828

MARY SHELLEY

1797-1851

CHARLES LYELL

1797-1875

ADAM MICKIEWICZ

1798-1855

EUGENE DELACROIX

1798-1863

PUSHKIN

1799-1837

MCGUFFY

1800-1873

ALEXANDER DUMAS

1802-1870

VICTOR HUGO

1802-1885

LAJOS KOSSUTH

1802-1894

HECTOR BERLIOZ

1803-1869

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

1803-1882

MIKHAIL GLINKA

1804-1857

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE

1804-1864

GEORGE SAND

1804-1876

BENJAMIN DISRAELI

1804-1881

ALEXIS DE TOQUEVILLE

1805-1859

GUISEPPE MAZZINI

1805-1872

HANS CHRISTAAN ANDERSON

1805-1875

CEZANNE

1806-1839

BRUNEL

1806-1859

NAPOLEON III

1806-1873

JOHN STUART MILL

1806-1873

ROBERT E. LEE

1807-1870

GUISEPPE GERIBALDI

1807-1882

HENRY W. LONGFELLOW

1807-1882

FELIX MENDELSSHON

1809-1847

JULIUSZ SLOWACKI

1809-1849

EDGAR ALLAN POE

1809-1849

NIKOLAI GOGOL

1809-1852

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

1809-1865

CHARLES DARWIN

1809-1882

ALFRED LORD TENNYSON

1809-1892

WILLIAM GLADSTONE

1809-1898

FRYDRYK CHOPIN

1810-1849

ROBERT SCHUMANN

1810-1856

FERENC ERKEL

1810-1893

WILLIAM M. THACKERAY

1811-1863

FRANZ LISZT

1811-1886

ZYGMUNT KRASINSKI

1812-1859

CHARLES DICKENS

1812-1870

SOREN KIRKGAARD

1813-1855

DAVID LIVINGSTONE

1813-1873

RICHARD WAGNER

1813-1883

GIUSEPPE VERDI

1813-1901

OTTO VON BISMARCK

1815-1898

CHARLOTTE BRONTE

1816-1855

HENRY DAVID THOREAU

1817-1862

ARANY JANOS

1817-1882

CZAR ALEXANDER II

1818-1881

IVAN TURGENEV